“When I die, do not waste valuable land by building a burial plot for me. Bury me underneath the trees of the arboretum so that I can become fertilizer. That way, the trees I have loved so much will grow even better.”
— From the Last Will of the Late Director Min Byeong-gal
History remembers many who dedicated their lives to their native land, but rare and sublime are those who adopted a completely foreign country, made it their true home, and poured out their entire soul, wealth, and life for its soil. Director Min Byeong-gal (born Carl Ferris Miller, 1921–2002), celebrated as the founder of Chollipo Arboretum, is one such luminous figure. Born into an affluent family in Pennsylvania, USA, his transition from a young American naval officer to the architect of South Korea's greenest heart stands as a monumental testament to boundless love and environmental stewardship.
1. A Destiny Forged in the Wake of War
Born in Radnor, Pennsylvania, in 1921, Carl Ferris Miller was a promising young man who studied chemistry at Bucknell University. Amidst the chaos of World War II, he underwent rigorous training as a naval language officer and first stepped onto Korean soil on September 8, 1945, serving as a Navy Lieutenant under the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK). At that time, Korea was a war-torn, destitute nation struggling with the immediate aftermath of colonial liberation and deep ideological divisions. While most foreign officers and personnel viewed Korea as a temporary station or a hardship assignment, young Miller felt an immediate, unexplainable spiritual connection to the land and its people.
He found himself completely captivated by the profound warmth of the Korean concept of *Jeong* (affectionate attachment), the humble elegance of traditional Korean culture, and the untouched raw beauty of its native landscapes. When his military service concluded, Miller refused to board the flight back to his comfortable life in the United States. In 1953, he secured a position at the Bank of Korea as a foreign exchange specialist, establishing his permanent residence. Through the tumultuous decades of Korea's post-war economic reconstruction, he silently contributed as a financial expert. However, his true divine calling lay not within bank vaults, but deep within the soil and roots of the Korean Peninsula.
2. Becoming 'Min Byeong-gal': Naturalization and Botanical Sovereignty
Miller sought to be more than a sympathetic expatriate; he desired total integration with the people he loved. In 1979, he renounced his American citizenship and became a legally naturalized citizen of the Republic of Korea. He chose the surname 'Min' (閔) in honor of his lifelong friendship with the Yeoheung Min clan. For his given name, he selected 'Byeong-gal' (丙葛)—which gracefully mirrored the phonetic sound of his original surname 'Miller' while embedding the meaningful characters for 'People' (民), 'Brother/Bright' (丙), and 'Mend/Cultivate' (葛). He proudfully declared himself the ancestral founder of the naturalized Yeoheung Min lineage.
The genesis of his botanical journey dates back to 1962. While visiting the remote seaside village of Chollipo in Sowan-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, he was profoundly moved by the rugged yet pristine coastal environment. Witnessing the severe deforestation of the country due to unchecked development and wartime destruction, Min began utilizing his personal savings to purchase barren plots of coastal hills and wind-swept sand dunes. He bought the land not for speculative commercial profit, but to shield the natural ecosystem from destruction and to give displaced native trees a sanctuary to thrive. This marked the humble beginning of Chollipo Arboretum, which would grow into a world-class botanical paradise.
The Botanical Philosophy: "Trees are the Owners"
In developing the arboretum, Director Min systematically rejected human-centric vanity. Unlike typical botanical gardens that clear out wild flora to build convenient paved walkways, or severely prune trees into artificially pleasing geometric shapes, Min strictly prohibited unnatural intervention. He firmly believed that every plant is an independent living being with the right to its natural form. Consequently, Chollipo Arboretum evolved into a sanctuary where trees grow exactly as nature intended, and where humans are merely humble guests borrowing a path to observe them.
3. Four Decades of Obsession: Building a Green Ark
The climate of Chollipo presented an incredibly hostile environment for flora, characterized by freezing maritime winds, harsh winters, and salty sea sprays. Neighbors and agricultural experts mocked his endeavor, labeling it an impossible folly. Yet, Min’s determination remained unbreakable. He funneled every single penny earned from his salary, bonuses, and investment returns into acquiring and nurturing trees. While he practiced extreme frugality in his personal life—frequently darning his socks dozens of times and wearing the same tattered coat for decades—he never hesitated to spend tens of thousands of dollars to import rare botanical species or rescue endangered native Korean plants.
Min maintained a relentless correspondence with botanical gardens, universities, and international seed-exchange networks worldwide. He spent his weekends traversing the remote mountains and islands of South Korea to discover undocumented indigenous plants. Notably, he identified a unique native variation of the holly tree on Wando Island, which was formally registered globally as the *Ilex cornuta 'Wandoensis'*, securing a permanent place for Korean flora in international taxonomy. Through forty years of exhausting labor and financial sacrifice, Chollipo Arboretum amassed a breathtaking living collection of over 16,000 distinct plant taxa, including world-renowned collections of Magnolias (400 types), Camellias (380 types), Hollies (400 types), and Rose of Sharon (300 types).
Key Milestones of Director Min Byeong-gal
- 1921 Born as Carl Ferris Miller in Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA.
- 1945 Arrived in South Korea as a US Navy Intelligence Officer (Lieutenant).
- 1953 Joined the Bank of Korea as a foreign exchange expert, settling permanently.
- 1962 Purchased the first plot of land in Chollipo, Taean to begin planting.
- 1979 Renounced US citizenship and legally naturalized as a South Korean citizen ('Min Byeong-gal').
- 2000 Chollipo Arboretum designated as an "Arboretum Distinguished for Merit" by the International Dendrology Society (IDS).
- 2002 Passed away from lung cancer (aged 81); interred via woodland burial; posthumously awarded the Gold Tower Order of Industrial Service Merit.
4. International Acclaim and a Legacy of Preservation
Min's unconditional devotion ultimately captured global attention. In the year 2000, the International Dendrology Society (IDS)—the world's most prestigious authority on tree conservation—officially designated Chollipo Arboretum as an "Arboretum Distinguished for Merit." This was the first time an arboretum in Asia received this coveted honor, and only the 12th worldwide. What made the achievement truly miraculous was that it was accomplished without massive corporate backing or state funding; it was built solely through the pure passion and unyielding spirit of a single dedicated individual.
Director Min remained unmarried throughout his life. To him, the thousands of trees, shrubs, and flowers blooming across Chollipo were his true children and family. In 2002, when advanced lung cancer began failing his body, he spent his final days on his hospital bed inquiring about Chollipo's daily weather patterns and the survival rate of newly planted saplings. Prior to his passing, he legally transferred all land titles and ownership assets to the Chollipo Arboretum Foundation, ensuring that his life's work would remain permanently protected from privatization, commercial subdivision, or future ecological destruction.
5. Returning to the Earth as Nourishment
On April 8, 2002, at the age of 81, Director Min Byeong-gal drew his last breath inside his beloved cottage at Chollipo Arboretum. Recognizing his immeasurable contribution to national environmental preservation and botanical sovereignty, the South Korean government posthumously awarded him the Gold Tower Order of Industrial Service Merit, the highest honor attainable by a civilian. In 2005, the Korea Forest Service honored him by inducting him into the prestigious Forest Hall of Fame as one of the national heroes who revitalized the country's woodlands.
True to his lifelong ethos, his final directive shook the hearts of the nation. In accordance with his strict instructions to eschew a traditional tomb, his body was cremated, and his ashes were gently laid to rest beneath his favorite magnolia tree (*Magnolia grandiflora 'Little Gem'*). Even in death, Min chose to merge entirely with the Korean earth, transforming his physical remains into the very nutrients that would sustain the forest he spent his lifetime building.
Full Name & Status
Min Byeong-gal (閔丙葛, Carl Ferris Miller) / Naturalized South Korean Citizen (Founder of his clan branch).
Core Philosophy
"Trees are the owners, humans are just visitors." Minimal intervention, ecological biocentrism.
Historical Impact
First in Asia to achieve "Arboretum Distinguished for Merit" status; preserved over 16,000 botanical species.
Memorial Site
Min Byeong-gal Memorial Hall and Woodland Burial Site (Magnolia Garden), Chollipo Arboretum, Taean, South Korea.
6. A Timeless Message: What Min Byeong-gal Left Behind
Today, Chollipo Arboretum stands as a crown jewel of ecological conservation and a premier healing sanctuary along Korea's west coast, welcoming hundreds of thousands of visitors seeking peace amidst nature. This breathtaking paradise, where magnificent magnolias, camellias, and hydrangeas bloom in harmony across changing seasons, would never have existed without the unconditional love of an American-born naval officer. The life of Min Byeong-gal redefines the essence of true patriotism and outlines the righteous relationship that humanity must maintain with the natural world.
He transcended the boundaries of race, bloodline, and nationality to love a land solely for what it was. Within the rustling leaves of every indigenous tree and the delicate petals of every wildflower in Chollipo lies the sweat, tears, and noble spirit of this blue-eyed Korean. As the cool sea breeze sweeps through Chollipo, the vibrant green canopy continues to whisper Director Min's eternal love letter to his true home, South Korea.
